Countries in the Five-Tier Global USD Infrastructure
Citation APA (7th Edition) Pennings, A.J. (2026, Sep 30) Countries in The Five-Tier Global USD Infrastructure. apennings.com https://apennings.com/artificial-intelligence/countries-in-the-five-tier-global-usd-infrastructure/ Introduction Here I further develop the tiers of countries in the global USD infrastructure as an analytical framework rather than an official classification. The countries below are illustrative examples selected to fit the characteristics in my chart, […]
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About Me
Professor (full) at State University of New York (SUNY) Korea since 2016. Research Professor for Stony Brook University. Moved to Austin, Texas in August 2012 to join the Digital Media Management program at St. Edwards University. Spent the previous decade on the faculty at New York University teaching and researching information systems, digital economics, and global political economy
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anthony.pennings@sunykorea.ac.kr
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