Spreadsheet Claims-and-Conversions Processes for Public Finance in AI4D Implementation
The claims-and-conversions sequence implies that public financial management is the set of rules, records, and clearances that determine whether a recorded entitlement ever becomes a completed public use.
The Claim and the Digital Spreadsheet in AI4D Implementation
Spreadsheets made the appropriation visible as a change in status or a transfer between columns. Linked sheets or simple financial systems let higher offices see the commitment without waiting for a physical file. The clearance was still by a human. An authorized officer changed the status or approved the transfer. AI can recommend which purpose best matches policy rules or real-resource forecasts and can highlight conflicts with other commitments. It can prepare the documentation for the approval step. The appropriation clearance itself remains with the officer or the rule-based process that has legal authority.
The Four-Layer USD as the Primary Global Financial Infrastructure
Citation APA (7th Edition) Pennings, A.J. (2026, Oct 10) The Four-Layer USD as the Primary Global Financial Infrastructure. apennings.com https://apennings.com/democratic-political-economies/the-four-layer-usd-as-the-primary-global-financial-infrastructure/ Introduction This article is a reworking of a previous post marking the three-layer USD infrastructure, and suggesting the fourth. It makes one particular distinction central. The USD is both a domestic US dollar monetary system […]
Dollar Liquidity, Stablecoins, and the Computational Foundations of AI4D: Spreadsheet Logic Across the Global Tiers
The developmental challenge is therefore to close that gap. The objective of AI4D is not merely to distribute AI models. It is to build the financial, computational, infrastructural and organizational capacity required to turn global liquidity into local productive capability.
Countries in the Five-Tier Global USD Infrastructure
Citation APA (7th Edition) Pennings, A.J. (2026, Sep 30) Countries in The Five-Tier Global USD Infrastructure. apennings.com https://apennings.com/artificial-intelligence/countries-in-the-five-tier-global-usd-infrastructure/ Introduction Here I further develop the tiers of countries in the global USD infrastructure as an analytical framework rather than an official classification. The countries below are illustrative examples selected to fit the characteristics in my chart, […]
US Privilege or Global Benefit? The Future of the Dollar as the AI4D Financial Infrastructure
The USD is neither merely an instrument of American domination nor simply a neutral global utility. It is a mutually beneficial but politically asymmetric infrastructure. Its network effects generate substantial benefits for participants around the world, while its institutional structure gives the United States unusual capacity to restrict participation when geopolitical relationships break down.
BRICS in the USD-Tiered Global Economy
BRICS remains deeply integrated into the USD/Eurodollar system as both users and (in China’s case) major suppliers/recyclers of dollars. De-dollarization efforts have produced meaningful bilateral progress, especially with Russia, but have not displaced the dollar’s systemic role.
Reimagining the ICT-SDG Framework for the AI Era
Revisiting the foundational themes of the ICTs & SDGs 2016 report reveals how Artificial Intelligence for Development (AI4D) is reshaping the core pillars of sustainable development from its roots in computerization for development, and ICT4D.
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About Me
Professor (full) at State University of New York (SUNY) Korea since 2016. Research Professor for Stony Brook University. Moved to Austin, Texas in August 2012 to join the Digital Media Management program at St. Edwards University. Spent the previous decade on the faculty at New York University teaching and researching information systems, digital economics, and global political economy
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anthony.pennings@sunykorea.ac.kr
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