USD Liquidity and ICT4D/AI4D in Tier 5 Countries
ICT4D therefore needs to build the material and institutional foundations of participation in the global digital economy. These include affordable broadband, reliable electricity, mobile financial services, digital identity where appropriate, cybersecurity, digital literacy, and sustainable models for maintaining public digital services.
A Response to Hudson’s Second World’s Use of Keynes Bancor/ICT
The contrast is therefore not between a moral order and an immoral one. It is between two architectures that both claim to answer the scarcity Hudson describes. The SACT-AI reading of Keynes offers automatic, multilateral penalties and a unit no single capital controls. The White path, now running through regulated stablecoins and licensed by MMT’s account of currency issuance, hardens dollar usability at the edge and turns foreign demand for that usability into demand for Treasuries.
Show-Biz 2: Financial Media and the Digital Spreadsheet Made Socially Visible
The result is a compression of computational complexity into narrative spectacle. A trading desk may have dozens of screens displaying thousands of variables. Television compresses that enormous informational environment into a manageable visual grammar: a few indexes, several prices, a chart, an analyst and a headline. Statements like “Markets are mixed,” “Stocks rally,” “Investors flee risk,” or “Markets digest the Fed” convert enormous computational systems into stories that can be understood within seconds.
How USD Infrastructure Became the West’s Sanctions Engine
Citation APA (7th Edition) Pennings, A.J. (2026, Oct 04) How USD Infrastructure Became the West’s Sanctions Engine. apennings.com https://apennings.com/how-it-came-to-rule-the-world/how-usd-infrastructure-became-the-wests-sanctions-engine/ Introduction The USD global infrastructure, encompassing onshore US dollars and the offshore Eurodollar market, remains the central organizing pillar of global commerce and finance. Its success stems not from coercion but from immense liquidity, deep capital […]
Dollar Liquidity, Stablecoins, and the Computational Foundations of AI4D: Spreadsheet Logic Across the Global Tiers
The developmental challenge is therefore to close that gap. The objective of AI4D is not merely to distribute AI models. It is to build the financial, computational, infrastructural and organizational capacity required to turn global liquidity into local productive capability.
Countries in the Five-Tier Global USD Infrastructure
Citation APA (7th Edition) Pennings, A.J. (2026, Sep 30) Countries in The Five-Tier Global USD Infrastructure. apennings.com https://apennings.com/artificial-intelligence/countries-in-the-five-tier-global-usd-infrastructure/ Introduction Here I further develop the tiers of countries in the global USD infrastructure as an analytical framework rather than an official classification. The countries below are illustrative examples selected to fit the characteristics in my chart, […]
US Privilege or Global Benefit? The Future of the Dollar as the AI4D Financial Infrastructure
The USD is neither merely an instrument of American domination nor simply a neutral global utility. It is a mutually beneficial but politically asymmetric infrastructure. Its network effects generate substantial benefits for participants around the world, while its institutional structure gives the United States unusual capacity to restrict participation when geopolitical relationships break down.
BRICS in the USD-Tiered Global Economy
BRICS remains deeply integrated into the USD/Eurodollar system as both users and (in China’s case) major suppliers/recyclers of dollars. De-dollarization efforts have produced meaningful bilateral progress, especially with Russia, but have not displaced the dollar’s systemic role.
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About Me
Professor (full) at State University of New York (SUNY) Korea since 2016. Research Professor for Stony Brook University. Moved to Austin, Texas in August 2012 to join the Digital Media Management program at St. Edwards University. Spent the previous decade on the faculty at New York University teaching and researching information systems, digital economics, and global political economy
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anthony.pennings@sunykorea.ac.kr
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