SACT-AI’s Reinforcement Learning for Realization of Keynes’s Bancor/ICU Proposal at Bretton Woods
Q-learning is the primary policy-optimization engine for a SACT-AI Bancor/ICU because the problem is best framed as learning the value of discrete, rule-based adjustment actions in a high-stakes, partially observable environment with abundant historical data. PPO offers superior stability and is better suited for continuous control sub-problems, but its on-policy nature and lower sample efficiency make it secondary. In Global Spreadsheet Capitalism, the combination of Q-learning’s value-driven symmetry with PPO’s fine-tuning capability creates the most robust, auditable, and adaptive engine for realizing Keynes’s vision of a computable, multipolar monetary order.
Stablecoins, SACT-AI, and the Future of Global Liquidity for Sustainable Development
Citation APA (7th Edition) Pennings, A.J. (2026, Apr 28) Stablecoins, SACT-AI, and the Future of Global Liquidity for Sustainable Development. apennings.com https://apennings.com/political-economy-of-media/stablecoins-sact-ai-and-the-future-of-global-liquidity-for-sustainable-development/ Introduction The impending implementation of Treasury-backed stablecoins suggests a the onset of a profound shift in the architecture of global finance. What appears, at first glance, to be a technical innovation in digital […]
Bretton Woods, Computation, and the Road Not Taken: Reimagining Keynes’s ICU in the Age of AI
Citation APA (7th Edition) Pennings, A.J. (2026, Apr 17) Bretton Woods, Computation, and the Road Not Taken: Reimagining Keynes’s Bancor/ICU in the Age of AI. apennings.com https://apennings.com/artificial-intelligence/bretton-woods-computation-and-the-road-not-taken-reimagining-keyness-icu-in-the-age-of-ai/ Introduction The historical view of the Bretton Woods Conference often focuses on the political clash between American power (represented by Harry Dexter White) and British intellectual capital (represented […]
USD Shortages and Global Solutions with Bancor/ICU and (SACT)AI
A USD shortage is not a lack of physical dollars. It is a shortage of dollar-denominated balance sheet capacity in the global financial system. Global trade is primarily invoiced in USD, debt is denominated in USD, and the most efficient collateral is USD Treasuries. The numbers reveal something profound. The world does not lack liquidity, it lacks a mechanism to allocate it globally. There is enough collateral, production, and demand. But not enough coordinated balance sheet capacity.
The Two Santa Claus Theory of US Economic Growth and the Prospects of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT)
Intentional deficit spending is not strictly a Democratic agenda. Republicans pushed related ideas with the Two Santa Claus Theory: deficit spending and tax cuts for the rich. Written in March 1976, by Wall Street Journal editorial writer, Jude Wanniski stressed that for economy to be healthy, US politics should have a division of labor between Democrats and Republicans.
Origins of the “Information Economy”
This blog post discusses an intellectual period when thinkers were first trying to understand the economic importance of information and communication technologies, whose full impact was not yet apparent.
I then connect this theme to my own doctoral dissertation, which focused on electronic money and dystopias. The post argues that money is a fundamental weak point—the “Achilles heel”—for free-market economic theories because it’s a concept that economists find inconvenient to model.
HOW IT CAME TO RULE THE WORLD, 0.5
Technologies are part of a set of practices that frame information and meaning. The spreadsheet, for example, combines the power of lists and tables with other calculative abilities that “in-form” meaning and organize sets of knowledge that run organizations and structure lives.
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About Me
Professor (full) at State University of New York (SUNY) Korea since 2016. Research Professor for Stony Brook University. Moved to Austin, Texas in August 2012 to join the Digital Media Management program at St. Edwards University. Spent the previous decade on the faculty at New York University teaching and researching information systems, digital economics, and global political economy
You can reach me at:
anthony.pennings@gmail.com
apennings70@gmail.com
anthony.pennings@sunykorea.ac.kr
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